Design and development of a multi-epitope vaccine prototype against SARS-CoV-2

Authors
A. Tchorbanov, N. Ralchev, I. Manoylov, S. Bradyanova, N. Mihaylova, I. Doytchinova, S. Tcholakova
Journal
European Journal of Immunology, 7th European Conference of Immunology, 1–4 September, 2024, Dublin, Ireland
Year
2024
Volume
54
Pages
1433
A. Tchorbanov, N. Ralchev, I. Manoylov, S. Bradyanova, N. Mihaylova, I. Doytchinova, S. Tcholakova
European Journal of Immunology, 7th European Conference of Immunology, 1–4 September, 2024, Dublin, Ireland 2024
54
1433
Abstract

Purpose: SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 pandemic overwhelms global health care. COVID-19 vaccination is crucialfor preventing infection and controlling the pandemic. Multiple safe and effective vaccines are available worldwide.Nanotechnology provides the opportunity for construction of modern transport devices such as nanoparticles for a varietyof applications in the field of medicine. A novel experimental protocol for the formation of saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid nanoparticles of vesicular structure has been developed and applied to prepare stable nanoparticles usingescin or glycyrrhizin as saponin.Here, we describe the design and development of a next-generation multi-epitope vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, consistingof epitopes recognizable by T-cells.Methods: Structure-based and sequence-based immunoinformatics methods were used to derive models for selection ofMHC binders specific for the mouse strain used in the study among a set of human SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes identifiedby convalescent patients with COVID-19. The binders were synthesized and included in a multi-epitope vaccineprototype.The methods for nanoparticle construction include a sonication, thus forming stable unilamellar vesicles. Tests and assaysfor cell viability, erythrocyte hemolysis, flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy analyses have been performed.Results: The immunogenicity of the vaccine prototype designed in the present study was tested on humanized-ACE2transgenic B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J mice by in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo immunoassays. The animals wereimmunized with a mix of predicted MHC-I, or MHC-II, or MHC-I/MHC-II peptide epitopes in CFA, and boosted withpeptides in IFA. Immunization with SARS-Cov-2 epitopes remodels lymphocyte profile. A weak humoral response andsignificant production of IL-4 and IFN-γ from T cells were found after vaccination of the animals.By selecting appropriate component ratios, stable and safe particles were formulated with respect to the tested bio-cells.The versatility of these nanoparticles allows for the encapsulation of various molecules, either within the vesicle interiorfor water-soluble components or within the vesicle walls for hydrophobic components. These particles are successfulincluded into isolated mouse macrophages.Conclusion: The multi-epitope vaccine prototype presented in this study demonstrates immunogenicity in mice andshows potential for human vaccine construction.This work was supported by the Bulgarian Science Fund (Grant No KP-06-DK1/2/2021).